{"id":482109,"date":"2025-12-11T05:30:00","date_gmt":"2025-12-11T05:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/calmatters.org\/?p=482109"},"modified":"2025-12-12T14:25:21","modified_gmt":"2025-12-12T22:25:21","slug":"deportation-repatriation-us-california-mexico","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/calmatters.org\/_zh\/commentary\/2025\/12\/deportation-repatriation-us-california-mexico\/","title":{"rendered":"When deportation was called repatriation: The US once expelled 1.8 million people to Mexico"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\n

Guest Commentary written by<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>
\n

Sylvia Zamora<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Sylvia Zamora is a sociologist at Loyola Marymount University and author of Racial Baggage: Mexican Immigrants and Race Across the Border<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

My college students are always shocked when they learn that the U.S. deported an estimated 1.8 million people to Mexico in the 1930s, including some who had never stepped foot in the country.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

But this year marked the first time I couldn\u2019t offer my usual conclusion: that the mass repatriation during the Hoover Administration represented a singular and unprecedented violation of constitutional rights. Instead, I had to acknowledge\u2014somberly\u2014that the nation is once again deporting Latino immigrants, including U.S. citizens.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since I started teaching \u201cLatino L.A.\u201d seven years ago, my central objective has been to help my first-year students \u2014 the majority of whom come to my classroom with little to no background in Latino history \u2014 connect the past to the world they\u2019re living in right now.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

My lesson about the 1930s deportation campaign \u2014 L.A. County officials referred to it as a \u201cMexican Repatriation\u201d to make the \u201creturn home\u201d sound legal, voluntary, and benevolent \u2014 became especially pertinent in this context. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

During the Great Depression, politicians struggling to respond to the economic crisis needed a scapegoat, and racialized ideas of who belonged in America and who did not. They made Mexican communities convenient targets. In Los Angeles, where 7.6% of residents were Latino, political leaders began suggesting that Mexican laborers were taking American jobs and burdening public resources. Deporting Mexicans would \u201copen positions for needy citizens,\u201d L.A. County Supervisor H. M. Blaine declared. The Depression would end if only the \u201caliens would go away.\u201d  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lecturing to my students about this history, I underscored how economic precarity and xenophobic racism intersected to broaden public support for the mass expulsion. Those same forces are re-emerging as the Trump administration harnesses widespread financial insecurity<\/a> alongside a persistent narrative that immigrants are to blame<\/a>. Now, as before, officials are advancing an idealized vision of the U.S. as fundamentally and normatively white. The mass removal of immigrants of color has never been about controlling any so-called immigration crisis, I told my students, but about a desire to shape who gets to count as an American.<\/p>\n\n\n\t\n\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\tREAD NEXT<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"Immigrant\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\n\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\tCommentary<\/a>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

Immigrant resistance movement forged in California prisons persists decades later<\/a><\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tby<\/span> Guest Commentary<\/a><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/article>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n

Like today\u2019s ICE, Depression-era INS agents indiscriminately rounded up Mexicans, presuming they were here illegally. In Los Angeles, they targeted parks, hospitals, and work sites in Mexican communities, demanding proof of citizenship. High-profile raids and media campaigns announcing impending roundups served as tools of intimidation, creating widespread fear that led to \u201cvoluntary\u201d deportation via free one-way train tickets to Mexico. Entire families carrying only a few belongings boarded trains at Union Station, some never to return to the U.S. County officials and social workers went door to door, threatening cuts to welfare aid and heightening panic among working families who worried they would fall into extreme poverty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I want my class to see the evils of then and now. But I also want to instill in them a sense of hope and agency. We discussed multiple resistance efforts that pushed back against mass deportation during the 1930s. Here in Los Angeles, media, churches, and charitable organizations provided critical help. La Opinion <\/em>warned about neighborhood sweeps. The liberal Los Angeles Record<\/em> publicly exposed dodgy arrests: \u201chandcuffs instead of warrant[s],\u201d the paper reported. Catholic churches raised funds to give to local families. L.A.\u2019s bar association condemned constitutional rights violations. The Mexican Consulate helped provide community aid and legal defense. <\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"A
A man is detained by immigration agents at a car wash in Montebello on Aug. 15, 2025. Photo by Gregory Bull, AP Photo<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Deportations never truly ended, but by 1934, they quietly tapered off as FDR\u2019s administration shifted political priorities and the New Deal offered economic relief. Community resistance played a crucial role by bringing the lawless raids out into the open \u2014 abuses that might otherwise have remained hidden.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I hope my class helps students discern what makes this moment unprecedented, and what is a cycle in history, repeating itself. I want them to understand that while deportations have never stopped, it is not normal to see armed, masked men dragging people into unmarked vehicles. It is not normal for the government to detain people in unknown locations, without arrests or trials. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

I also want them to see how daily acts of survival and organized resistance \u2014 100 years ago and today \u2014 are proof that Latinos refuse to accept dehumanization. And the Latino community in L.A. is now more resilient than ever before. Around us, grassroots activists organize neighborhood patrols<\/a> and nonprofit organizations lead \u201cKnow Your Rights<\/a> campaigns,\u201d elected representatives and immigration attorneys provide legal and moral support<\/a>, and journalists<\/a> and social media document ICE activity.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cA major difference today,\u201d I told my class, \u201cis that Latinos are the majority in Los Angeles. And we\u2019re not going anywhere.\u201d  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

This commentary was adapted from an essay produced for <\/em>Z\u00f3calo Public Square<\/em><\/a>.<\/em>
<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Like today, Americans in the 1930s were reeling from economic hard times. 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